Publications

2024

• Hou Y, Zhu Y, Ji J, Richardson AG, Liu X. A wireless sensor-brain interface system for tracking and guiding animal behaviors through closed-loop neuromodulation in water mazes. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 59(4):1093-1109, 2024.
• Hou Y, Zhu Y, Wu X, Li Y, Lucas TH, Richardson AG, Liu X. A multi-loop neuromodulation chipset network with frequency interleaving front-end and explainable AI for memory studies in freely behaving monkeys. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, CA, 2024.
• Hao H, Richardson AG, Ding Y, Du L, Allen MG, Van der Spiegel J, Aflatouni F. A 0.4V, 750nW, individually accessible wireless capacitive sensor interface IC for a tactile sensing network. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, San Francisco, CA, 2024.
• Ding Y, Du L, Hao H, Mier TCE, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH, Aflatouni F, Richardson AG, Allen MG. A biocompatible glass-encapsulated triaxial force sensor for implantable tactile sensing applications. IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Austin, TX, M46-f, 2024.

2023

• Du L, Hao H, Ding Y, Gabros A, Mier TCE, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH, Aflatouni F, Richardson AG, Allen MG. An implantable, wireless, battery-free system for tactile pressure sensing. Microsystems & Nanoengineering 9: 130, 2023.
• Khera A, Steele A, Gabros A, Richardson AG. Imaging photoplethysmography to determine pressure induced changes in cutaneous blood volume. Biomedical Engineering Society Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, 2023.
• Zhu Y, Hou Y, Ji J, Zhou A, Richardson AG, Liu X. A wireless sensor-brain interface system for tracking and guiding animal behaviors through goal-directed closed-loop neuromodulation. Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits, Kyoto, Japan, 2023.
• Sun M, Zhou A, Yang N, Xu Y, Hou Y, Richardson AG, Liu X. Design of a sleep modulation system with FPGA-accelerated deep learning for closed-loop stage-specific in-phase auditory stimulation. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Monterey, CA, 2023.
• Ferleger BI, Richardson AG. Modeling current-distance effects on microstimulation sensitivity. IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 2023.

2022

• Wang X, Song Y, Hou F, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. Design of a real-time movement decomposition-based rodent tracker and behavioral analyzer based on FPGA. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 30(9): 1133-1143, 2022.
• Murphy BB, Apollo NV, Unegbu P, Posey T, Rodriguez-Perez N, Hendricks Q, Cimino F, Richardson AG, Vitale F. Vitamin C-reduced graphene oxide coatings improve the performance and stability of multimodal neural microelectrodes. iScience 25(7): 104652, 2022.
• Brandon C, Ghenbot Y, Buch V, Contreras-Hernandez E, Tooker J, Dimentberg R, Richardson AG, Lucas TH. Policies restricting overlapping surgeries negatively impact access to care, clinical efficiency, and hospital revenue: a forcasting model for surgical scheduling. Annals of Surgery 275(6): 1085-1093, 2022.

2021

• Yun RJ, Bogaard AR, Richardson AG, Zanos S, Perlmutter SI, Fetz EE. Cortical stimulation paired with volitional unimanual movement affects interhemispheric communication. Frontiers in Neuroscience 15: 782188, 2021.
• Liu X, Richardson AG. A system-on-chip for closed-loop optogenetic sleep modulation. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 5678-5681, 2021.
• Driscoll N, Erickson B, Murphy BB, Richardson AG, Robbins G, Apollo NV, Mentzelopoulos G, Mathis T, Hantanasirisakul K, Bagga P, Gullbrand S, Sergison M, Reddy R, Wolf JA, Chen HI, Lucas TH, Dillingham T, Davis KA, Gogotsi Y, Medaglia J, Vitale F. MXene-infused bioelectronic interfaces for multiscale electrophysiology and stimulation. Science Translational Medicine 13(612): eabf8629, 2021.
• Burton A, Won SM, Kolahi Sohrabi A, Stuart T, Amirhossein A, Kim JU, Park Y, Gabros A, Rogers JA, Vitale F, Richardson AG, Gutruf P. Wireless, battery-free and fully implantable electrical neurostimulation in freely moving rodents. Microsystems & Nanoengineering 7: 62, 2021.
• Liu X, Richardson AG, Van der Spiegel J. An energy-efficient compressed sensing based encryption scheme for wireless neural recording. IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems 11(2): 405-414, 2021.
• Hao H, Du L, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Allen MG, Van der Spiegel J, Aflatouni F. A wireless artificial mechanoreceptor in 180nm CMOS. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 69(6): 2907-2920, 2021.
• Hao H, Chen J, Richardson AG, Van der Spiegel J, Aflatouni F. A 10.8 μW neural signal recorder and processor with unsupervised analog classifier for spike sorting. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 15(2): 351-364, 2021.
• Liu X, Richardson AG. Edge deep learning for neural implants: a case study of seizure detection and prediction. Journal of Neural Engineering 18: 046034, 2021.
• Ramayya AG, Yang AI, Buch VP, Burke JF, Richardson AG, Brandon C, Stein JM, Davis KA, Chen HI, Proekt A, Kelz MB, Litt B, Gold JI, Lucas TH. Theta synchrony is increased near neural populations that are active when initiating instructed movement. eNeuro 8(1): 1-14, 2021.
• Liu X, Zhu H, Qiu T, Sritharan SY, Ge D, Yang S, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Engheta N, Van der Spiegel J. A fully integrated sensor-brain-machine interface system for restoring somatosensation. IEEE Sensors Journal 21(4): 4764-4775, 2021.

2020

• Ghenbot Y, Liu X, Hao H, Rinehart C, DeLuccia S, Torres Maldonado S, Boyek G, Zhang M, Aflatouni F, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH, Richardson AG. Goal-directed BCI feedback using cortical microstimulation. In Brain-Computer Interface Research, Guger C, Allison BZ, Miller K (editors), Springer, pp. 65-73, 2020.
• Apollo NV, Murphy BB, Prezelski K, Driscoll N, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Vitale F. Gels, jets, mosquitoes, and magnets: a review of implantation strategies for soft neural probes. Journal of Neural Engineering 17: 041002, 2020.
• Murphy BB, Mulcahey PJ, Driscoll N, Richardson AG, Robbins GT, Apollo NV, Maleski K, Lucas TH, Gogotsi Y, Dillingham T, Vitale F. A gel‐free Ti₃C₂T_x‐based electrode array for high‐density, high‐resolution surface electromyography. Advanced Materials Technologies 5: 2000325, 2020.
• Wang X, Zhang M, Peng L, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. A low computational cost visual tracking algorithm designed for a multiple mode brain machine interface. 4th IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM), Penang, Malaysia, 2020. 
• Hao H, Du L, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Allen MG, Van der Spiegel J, Aflatouni F. A hybrid-integrated artificial mechanoreceptor in 180nm CMOS. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Los Angeles, CA, 155-158, 2020.
• Chiang CH, Won SM, Orsborn AL, Yu KJ, Trumpis M, Bent B, Wang C, Xue Y, Min S, Woods V, Yu C, Kim BH, Kim SB, Huq R, Li J, Seo KJ, Vitale F, Richardson A, Fang H, Huang Y, Shepard K, Pesaran B, Rogers JA, Viventi J. Development of a neural interface for high-definition, long-term recording in rodents and non-human primates. Science Translational Medicine 12(538): eaay4682, 2020.
• Driscoll N, Maleski K, Richardson AG, Murphy B, Anasori B, Lucas TH, Gogotsi Y, Vitale F. Fabrication of Ti₃C₂ MXene microelectrode arrays for in vivo neural recording. Journal of Visualized Experiments 156: e60741, 2020.
• Sritharan SY, Contreras-Hernandez E, Richardson AG, Lucas TH. Primate somatosensory cortical neurons are entrained to both spontaneous and peripherally evoked spindle oscillations. Journal of Neurophysiology 123: 300-307, 2020.

2019

• Liu X, Zhang M, Hao H, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. Wireless sensor brain machine interfaces for closed-loop neuroscience studies. 13^th IEEE International Conference on ASIC, Chongqing, China, 2019.
• Richardson AG, Ghenbot Y, Liu X, Hao H, Rinehart C, DeLuccia S, Torres Maldonado S, Boyek G, Zhang M, Aflatouni F, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH. Learning active sensing strategies using a sensory brain-machine interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 17509-17514, 2019.

2018

• Buch VP, Richardson AG, Brandon C, Stiso J, Khattak MN, Bassett DS, Lucas TH. Network Brain-Computer Interface (nBCI): An Alternative Approach for Cognitive Prosthetics. Frontiers in Neuroscience 12: 790, 2018.
• Vitale F, Shen W, Driscoll N, Burrell JC, Richardson AG, Adewole O, Murphy B, Ananthakrishnan A, Oh H, Wang T, Lucas TH, Cullen DK, Allen MG, Litt B. Biomimetic extracellular matrix coatings improve the chronic biocompatibility of microfabricated subdural microelectrode arrays. PLoS One 13: e0206137, 2018.
• Driscoll N, Richardson AG, Maleski K, Anasori B, Adewole O, Lelyukh P, Escobedo L, Cullen DK, Lucas TH, Gogotsi Y, Vitale F. Two-Dimensional Ti3C2 MXene for High-Resolution Neural Interfaces. ACS Nano 12: 10419-10429, 2018.
• Shen W, Das S, Vitale F, Richardson A, Ananthakrishnan A, Struzyna LA, Brown DP, Song NX, Ramkumar M, Lucas T, Cullen DK, Litt B, Allen MG. Microfabricated intracortical extracellular matrix-microelectrodes for improving neural interfaces. Microsystems & Nanoengineering 4: 30, 2018.
• Mallela AN, Abdullah KG, Brandon C, Richardson AG, Lucas TH. Topical Vancomycin Reduces Surgical-Site Infections After Craniotomy: A Prospective, Controlled Study. Neurosurgery 83: 761-767, 2018.

2017

• Attiah MA, de Vries J, Richardson AG, Lucas TH. A Rodent Model of Dynamic Facial Reanimation Using Functional Electrical Stimulation. Frontiers in Neuroscience 11: 193, 2017.
• Lee YK, Yu KJ, Song E, Barati Farimani A, Vitale F, Xie Z, Yoon Y, Kim Y, Richardson A, Luan H, Wu Y, Xie X, Lucas TH, Crawford K, Mei Y, Feng X, Huang Y, Litt B, Aluru NR, Yin L, Rogers JA. Dissolution of Monocrystalline Silicon Nanomembranes and Their Use as Encapsulation Layers and Electrical Interfaces in Water-Soluble Electronics. ACS Nano 11: 12562-12572, 2017.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. Design of a Closed-Loop, Bidirectional Brain Machine Interface System With Energy Efficient Neural Feature Extraction and PID Control. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 11: 729-742, 2017.
• Liu X, Zhu H, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Sritharan SY, Ge D, Shu Y, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. A fully integrated wireless sensor-brain interface system to restore finger sensation. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Baltimore, MD, 2017.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Maldonado ST, DeLuccia S, Ghenbot Y, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. A wireless neuroprosthetic for augmenting perception through modulated electrical stimulation of somatosensory cortex. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Baltimore, MD, 2017.
• Lucas TH, Liu X, Zhang M, Sritharan S, Planell-Mendez I, Ghenbot Y, Torres-Maldonado S, Brandon C, Van der Spiegel J, Richardson AG. Strategies for Autonomous Sensor-Brain Interfaces for Closed-Loop Sensory Reanimation of Paralyzed Limbs. Neurosurgery 64: 11-20, 2017.
• Richardson AG, Liu X, Weigand PK, Hudgins ED, Stein JM, Das SR, Proekt A, Kelz MB, Zhang M, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH. Hippocampal gamma-slow oscillation coupling in macaques during sedation and sleep. Hippocampus 27: 1125-1139, 2017.

2016

• Hudgins E, Brown MG, Litt B, Davis K, Richardson AG, Lucas T. Focal Seizures Induced by Intracranial Electroencephalogram Grids. Cureus 8: e831, 2016.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Xiong T, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Chin PS, Etienne-Cummings R, Tran TD, Van der Spiegel J. A Fully Integrated Wireless Compressed Sensing Neural Signal Acquisition System for Chronic Recording and Brain Machine Interface. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 10: 874-883, 2016.
• Lu Y, Lyu H, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Kuzum D. Flexible Neural Electrode Array Based-on Porous Graphene for Cortical Microstimulation and Sensing. Scientific Reports 6: 33526, 2016.
• Richardson AG, Attiah MA, Berman JI, Chen HI, Liu X, Zhang M, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH. The effects of acute cortical somatosensory deafferentation on grip force control. Cortex 74: 1-8, 2016.
• Richardson AG, Weigand PK, Sritharan SY, Lucas TH. A chronic neural interface to the macaque dorsal column nuclei. Journal of Neurophysiology 115: 2255-2264, 2016.
• Sritharan SY, Richardson AG, Weigand PK, Planell-Mendez I, Liu X, Zhu H, Zhang M, Van der Spiegel J, Lucas TH. Somatosensory encoding with cuneate nucleus microstimulation: Detection of artificial stimuli. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 4719-4722, 2016.
• Yu KJ, Kuzum D, Hwang SW, Kim BH, Juul H, Kim NH, Won SM, Chiang K, Trumpis M, Richardson AG, Cheng H, Fang H, Thompson M, Bink H, Talos D, Seo KJ, Lee HN, Kang SK, Kim JH, Lee JY, Huang Y, Jensen FE, Dichter MA, Lucas TH, Viventi J, Litt B, Rogers JA. Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. Nature Materials 15: 782-791, 2016.

2015

• Abdullah KG, Attiah MA, Olsen AS, Richardson A, Lucas TH. Reducing surgical site infections following craniotomy: examination of the use of topical vancomycin. Journal of Neurosurgery 123: 1600-1604, 2015.
• Chen HI, Bohman LE, Emery L, Martinez-Lage M, Richardson AG, Davis KA, Pollard JR, Litt B, Gausas RE, Lucas TH. Lateral Transorbital Endoscopic Access to the Hippocampus, Amygdala, and Entorhinal Cortex: Initial Clinical Experience. ORL Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Related Specialties 77: 321-332, 2015.
• He BD, Wein A, Varshney LR, Kusuma J, Richardson AG, Srinivasan L. Generalized analog thresholding for spike acquisition at ultralow sampling rates. Journal of Neurophysiology 114: 746-760, 2015.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Subei B, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. The PennBMBI: Design of a General Purpose Wireless Brain-Machine-Brain Interface System. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 9: 248-258, 2015.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. A 12-channel bidirectional neural interface chip with integrated channel-level feature extraction and PID controller for closed-loop operation. IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, Atlanta, GA, 2015.
• Liu X, Zhu H, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. Design of a low-noise high power efficiency neural recording front-end with an integrated real-time compressed sensing unit. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Lisbone, Portugal, 2996-2999, 2015.
• Richardson AG, Weigand PK, Sritharan SY, Lucas TH. Somatosensory encoding with cuneate nucleus microstimulation: effects on downstream cortical activity. IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Montpellier, France, 695-698, 2015.
• Yousefi S, Wein A, Kowalski KC, Richardson AG, Srinivasan L. Smoothness as a failure mode of Bayesian mixture models in brain-machine interfaces. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 23: 128-137, 2015.
• Zhu H, Qiu T, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Engheta N, Van der Spiegel J. Design of a low power impulse-radio ultra-wide band wireless electrogoniometer. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Lisbone, Portugal, 770-773, 2015.

2014

• Kuzum D, Takano H, Shim E, Reed JC, Juul H, Richardson AG, de Vries J, Bink H, Dichter MA, Lucas TH, Coulter DA, Cubukcu E, Litt B. Transparent and flexible low noise graphene electrodes for simultaneous electrophysiology and neuroimaging. Nature Communications 5: 5259, 2014.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Sun H, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. Design of a net-zero charge neural stimulator with feedback control. IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, 492-495, 2014.
• Liu X, Subei B, Zhang M, Richardson AG, Lucas TH, Van der Spiegel J. The PennBMBI: A general purpose wireless brain-machine-brain interface system for unrestrained animals. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Melbourne, Australia, 650-653, 2014.

2013 and earlier

• Richardson AG, Borghi T, Bizzi E. Activity of the same motor cortex neurons during repeated experience with perturbed movement dynamics. Journal of Neurophysiology 107: 3144-3154, 2012.
• Richardson AG, Fetz EE. Brain state-dependence of electrically evoked potentials monitored with head-mounted electronics. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 20: 756-761, 2012.
• Zanos S, Richardson AG, Shupe L, Miles FP, Fetz EE. The Neurochip-2: an autonomous head-fixed computer for recording and stimulating in freely behaving monkeys. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 19: 427-435, 2011.
• Zhang F, Mishra A, Richardson AG, Otis B. A Low-Power ECoG/EEG Processing IC With Integrated Multiband Energy Extractor. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 58: 2069-2082, 2011.
• Stamoulis C, Richardson AG. Application of matched filtering to identify behavioral modulation of brain oscillations. Journal of Computational Neuroscience 29: 63-72, 2010.
• Stamoulis C, Richardson AG. Encoding of brain state changes in local field potentials modulated by motor behaviors. Journal of Computational Neuroscience 29: 475-483, 2010.
• Overduin SA, Richardson AG, Bizzi E. Cortical processing during dynamic motor adaptation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 629: 423-438, 2009.
• Weaver KE, Richardson AG. Medial prefrontal cortex, secondary hyperalgesia, and the default mode network. Journal of Neuroscience 29: 11424-11425, 2009.
• Bae WJ, Ruddy BP, Richardson AG, Hunter IW, Bizzi E. Cortical recording with polypyrrole microwire electrodes. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 5794-5797, 2008.
• Overduin SA, Richardson AG, Bizzi E, Press DZ. Simultaneous sensorimotor adaptation and sequence learning. Experimental Brain Research 184: 451-456, 2008.
• Richardson AG, Lassi-Tucci G, Padoa-Schioppa C, Bizzi E. Neuronal activity in the cingulate motor areas during adaptation to a new dynamic environment. Journal of Neurophysiology 99: 1253-1266, 2008.
• Rokni U, Richardson AG, Bizzi E, Seung HS. Motor learning with unstable neural representations. Neuron 54: 653-666, 2007.
• Overduin SA, Richardson AG, Lane CE, Bizzi E, Press DZ. Intermittent practice facilitates stable motor memories. Journal of Neuroscience 26: 11888-11892, 2006.
• Richardson AG, Overduin SA, Valero-Cabre A, Padoa-Schioppa C, Pascual-Leone A, Bizzi E, Press DZ. Disruption of primary motor cortex before learning impairs memory of movement dynamics. Journal of Neuroscience 26: 12466-12470, 2006.
• Richardson A, Tresch M, Bizzi E, Slotine JJ. Stability analysis of nonlinear muscle dynamics using contraction theory. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 4986-4989, 2005.
• Richardson AG, Slotine JJ, Bizzi E, Tresch MC. Intrinsic musculoskeletal properties stabilize wiping movements in the spinalized frog. Journal of Neuroscience 25: 3181-3191, 2005.
• McIntyre CC, Richardson AG, Grill WM. Modeling the excitability of mammalian nerve fibers: influence of afterpotentials on the recovery cycle. Journal of Neurophysiology 87: 995-1006, 2002.
• Richardson AG, McIntyre CC, Grill WM. Modelling the effects of electric fields on nerve fibres: influence of the myelin sheath. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 38: 438-446, 2000.

Theses

• Austin Borja. Human neuronal dynamics and state of consciousness. Master of Science in Translational Research, 2023.
• Rachel Zarin. In vivo functional characterization of an implantable artificial mechanoreceptor. Master of Science in Bioengineering, 2021.
• Lin Du. The development of a fingertip implantable MEMS tactile sensing system. Ph.D. in Electrical and Systems Engineering, 2021.
• David Weiss. Evaluating the feasibility of homodyne detection of neural signals. Master of Science in Bioengineering, 2019.
• Yohannes Ghenbot. Learning active sensing strategies using a sensory brain-machine interface. Master of Science in Translational Research, 2019.
• Srihari Sritharan. Characterization of somatosensation in the brainstem and the development of a sensory neuroprosthesis. Ph.D. in Neuroscience, 2018.
• Xilin Liu. A closed-loop bidirectional brain-machine interface system for freely behaving animals. Ph.D. in Electrical and Systems Engineering, 2017.
• Hongjie Zhu. Smart sensor networks for sensor-neural interface. Ph.D. in Electrical and Systems Engineering, 2017.
• Gregory Boyek. Stimulation of somatosensory cortex by brain computer interface can replace visual cues. Bachelor of Science Honors Thesis, 2017.
• Mark Attiah. Restoration of symmetric whisker movements in a rodent model of unilateral facial paralysis: feasibility of contralaterally triggered functional electrical stimulation. Master of Science in Translational Research, 2015.
• Adam Fascenelli. Touching the void: restoration of finger somatosensation through RFID-based sensors. Master of Science in Bioengineering, 2014.