Gandal Lab in the News Media

The Scientist, Sept 2024

Lopez-Lloreda, C. Protein Changes in the Brain Could Explain How Neurodevelopment Goes Awry. The Scientist Magazine https://www.the-scientist.com/protein-changes-in-the-brain-could-explain-how-neurodevelopment-goes-awry-72155 (2024).

Spectrum, April 2023

Borrell, B. (2023, April 24). Atlas of gene activity in prenatal brain holds clues to autism. Spectrum | Autism Research News.

NEWS / TOOLBOX

Atlas of gene activity in prenatal brain holds clues to autism

BY BRENDAN BORRELL  /  24 APRIL 2023

An atlas derived from 672 fetal brain samples provides an unparalleled look at gene regulation in different parts of the human brain across the three trimesters of gestation.

The new tool could help identify variants that increase the chances of having autism or other brain conditions, the researchers say. It may also catalyze detailed studies of isoforms — alternate versions of proteins that often arise from the same gene but may perform different roles in the body — linked to these conditions.

The ethnically diverse dataset provides some of the best evidence to date that genes exert their strongest influence on the brain in the first half of gestation, with environmental effects becoming more important with age.

“For these neurodevelopmental disorders, the prenatal window is super important,” says Stefano Berto, assistant professor of neuroscience at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, who was not involved in the study. “It has been hypothesized multiple times, but this is the first time that it has been analyzed, and it is fascinating to me.”

The atlas was created as part of the PsychENCODE Consortium, which includes researchers from 21 institutions. A report describing some of its general insights was posted on the preprint server medRxiv last month.

The new analysis extends the group’s previous work that analyzed postmortem adult brains, and it allows the researchers to identify even more genetic influences for neuropsychiatric conditions, says lead investigator Michael Gandal, associate professor of psychiatry and genetics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. “We provide a resource for resolving two times more of those mechanisms than was previously shown with those adult brains,” he says. “This will help inform all kinds of future follow-up studies.”

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed thousands of points in the human genome that are associated with an increased chance of having autism or other brain conditions. But these so-called risk loci are not necessarily located in the genes that actually contribute to the conditions, nor do they necessarily influence those genes’ expression. They may, for instance, be linked to the genes simply by their proximity.

By mapping gene expression patterns within the brain, the new atlas enables researchers to pinpoint which risk loci have mechanistic links to specific conditions — a first step toward identifying therapeutic targets. These new data also capture which isoforms are present.

To make a protein, cells begin by transcribing a stretch of double-stranded DNA into a piece of single-stranded RNA. They then cleave and splice together bits of that RNA so that the introns, or the parts of genes that do not code for proteins, are removed.

Different combinations of the protein-coding regions, known as exons, give rise to different protein isoforms, which can serve distinct functions. The bioinformatics tools required to catalog these isoforms at scale have become available only in the past several years.

“This is a massive undertaking,” says Anoushka Joglekar, a postdoctoral research associate at the New York Genome Center, who has worked on an isoform atlas for mouse brains and was not involved in the current study. Joglekar says she is “blown away by the amount of samples” the researchers had, which gives them significant “statistical power.”

For instance, they were able to demonstrate that the role that heritable gene regulation plays in brain development declines consistently from 10 to 18 weeks of gestation, though isoform regulation in particular proves to be most profound during the second trimester.

“We show conclusively that it is pretty important to study how genes are spliced into isoforms when they are expressed in the brain,” Gandal says. The splicing events that generate these isoforms inside cells can sometimes introduce mistakes, which would go undetected in standard gene expression assays.

One variant in the SP4 gene, for instance, which has been associated with schizophrenia risk in GWAS, produces a nonfunctional isoform when it is improperly spliced following transcription. “We would have missed that if we only knew that the levels of the gene went up or down,” Gandal says. “You have to go locus by locus and look in detail what is happening with each one.”

Berto says that the next step would be to identify gene variants of interest and then model those genes in an organoid created with prenatal brain stem-cell tissue. “This is really important for therapeutics,” he says.

Cite this article: https://doi.org/10.53053/HWCB6761

New Scientist, April 2023

Roots of five medical conditions shown in map of the developing brain. (n.d.). New Scientist. Retrieved December 7, 2023, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2367748-roots-of-five-medical-conditions-shown-in-map-of-the-developing-brain/

Roots of five medical conditions shown in map of the developing brain

Studying donated embryonic and fetal brains has shown some of the genetic pathways involved in certain conditions, such as schizophrenia

By Carissa Wong

8 April 2023

The most detailed genetic map of the developing brain to date reveals networks that may influence our risk of developing five conditions, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. With further research, this could help scientists develop interventions that target these genetic pathways.

Various research groups have previously studied a relatively small number of brain samples to investigate how gene activity in the embryonic or fetal brain may influence a person’s later risk of certain conditions.

Now, Cindy Wen at the University of California, Los Angeles, and her colleagues have analysed data from 654 donated embryonic or fetal brains – aged 4 to 39 weeks post-conception – from five previous studies.

The researchers compared the genes that were expressed in the brains with genetic variants that have previously been linked to five conditions: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism and depression.

These links were based on relatively broad regions of the genome being associated with these conditions, which didn’t tell us much about the specific genes that interact to affect our risk, according to the researchers.

After analysing data from the embryonic and fetal brains, Wen and her colleagues pinpointed genetic pathways that provide more detail on 60 per cent of the genetic links previously identified for the five conditions.

Some variants within these pathways can cause only certain parts of the DNA that codes for a gene to be used by a cell, rather than the gene’s entire code. This results in slightly different versions of proteins being created, which can alter brain cell activity and may raise the risk of these five conditions, according to the researchers.

These findings provide insights into the genetic architecture underlying these five conditions, which could potentially lead to new interventions for some of them, such as depression, says Vaidehi Natu at Stanford University in California.

However, the researchers don’t know the circumstances of how the pregnancies ended before the embryos and fetuses were donated. If the pregnancies ended due to brain-related complications then the embryos and fetuses may not be representative of those that reach full-term, says Wen.

Reference:

medRxiv DOI: doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.03.23286706

PGC Worldwide Lab Meeting, March 2023

So Curious! Podcast, 2023

"Genes, Hormones, and Disposition: How Does It All Connect?"

Spectrum, 2022

Niko McCarty, "Autism brain signature most pronounced in sensory areas", Spectrum News, 2022 

New Scientist interview, 2020

Jones, D. (2020, January 22).  "A radical idea suggests mental health conditions have a single cause" New Scientist. 

UCLA CART Lecture 2019

The Scientist, Dec 2018

Offord, C. (2018, December 14). Analysis of 2,000 Brains Provides Clues to Schizophrenia, Autism. The Scientist Magazine

The Scientist, Feb 2018

Taylor, A. P. Gene Expression Overlaps Among Psychiatric Disorders. The Scientist Magazine. February 2018.

Scientific American, July 2018

Fischetti, M.The Same Genes May Underlie Different Psychiatric Disorders. Scientific American. July 1 2018