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Stanley N. Caroff, M.D.
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Emeritus Professor CE of Psychiatry
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Department: Psychiatry
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Contact information
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Psychiatry Service (116A)
27 Philadelphia VA Medical Center
43 University and Woodland Avenues
Philadelphia, PA 19104
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27 Philadelphia VA Medical Center
43 University and Woodland Avenues
Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Office: 2158234065
30 Fax: 2158234610
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30 Fax: 2158234610
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Links
72 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service
f7 In-depth and practical presentation of evidence-based management of antipsychotic treatment and best-practices for tardive dyskinesia.
cd Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Presentation 2020 Webcast
74 Tardive Dyskinesia Presentation 2020 Webcast
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72 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Information Service
f7 In-depth and practical presentation of evidence-based management of antipsychotic treatment and best-practices for tardive dyskinesia.
cd Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Presentation 2020 Webcast
74 Tardive Dyskinesia Presentation 2020 Webcast
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Education:
21 9 B.A. 19 (Anthropology) c
2c Columbia University, 1971.
21 9 M.D. 15 (Medicine) c
33 Mount Sinai Medical School, 1975.
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Permanent link21 9 B.A. 19 (Anthropology) c
2c Columbia University, 1971.
21 9 M.D. 15 (Medicine) c
33 Mount Sinai Medical School, 1975.
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26 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1a Tardive dyskinesia
11 Catatonia
21 Antipsychotic pharmacology
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26 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1a Tardive dyskinesia
11 Catatonia
21 Antipsychotic pharmacology
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Description of Research Expertise
30 Drug-induced movement disorders26 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1a Tardive dyskinesia
11 Catatonia
21 Antipsychotic pharmacology
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Description of Clinical Expertise
30 Drug-induced movement disorders26 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1a Tardive dyskinesia
11 Catatonia
21 Antipsychotic pharmacology
1a 29
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d2 Ungvari GS, Caroff SN, Csihi L, Gazdag G: Literary case study of psychosis: The Vegetarian. World J Psychiatry 15(6): 104247, June 2025.
12b Trosch RM, Shillington AC, Comella CL, Caroff SN, Ondo WG, LaChappelle BJ, Harshaw Q, Hauser RA, Correll CU, Friedman JH.: A Validation Study of The Clinician’s Tardive Inventory (CTI). Parkinsonism Relat Disord March 2025.
58 Karen Frei, Alicia Scott, Stanley N. Caroff 4e Leslie Citrome , Robert Hauser , Joseph H. Friedman , Roongroj Bhidayasiri , 4c Martha Sajatovic, Dennis Alters, Jonathan Meyer, Stuart Factor , E.K. Tan, 49 G. Remington, Ira Glick, Hubert Fernandez, Cynthia Comella, John Kane , 42 Joseph McEvoy, Delwyn Miller, Clement C. Zai , J.P. Lindenmayer a1 Daniel D. Truong: Tardive dyskinesia versus tardive syndrome. What is in a name? Parkinsonism and Related Disorders February 2025.
78 Coffey RJ, Caroff SN: Neurosurgery for mental conditions and pain: An 34 historical perspective on the limits of biological 60 determinism. Surgical Neurology International 15(479): 1, December 2024.
101 Rissardo JP, Kherajani K, Vora NM, Yatakarla V, Caprara ALF, Ratliff J, Caroff SN: A Systematic Review of Oral Vertical Dyskinesia ("Rabbit" Syndrome). Medicina 60(8): 1347, Aug 2024.
7d Appiani FJ, Caroff SN: The cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric c treatment. 5d Curr Med Res Opin. 2024 Jun 20:1-8 online ahead of print, June 2024.
106 Csihi L, Gazdag G, Caroff SN, Ungvari GS.: First 150 years of catatonia: Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead. World J Psychiatry 14(5): 600-606, May 2024.
f4 Vanegas-Arroyave N, Caroff SN, Citrome L, et al. : Evidence-Based Update on Anticholinergic Use for Drug-Induced Movement Disorders. CNS Drugs 38(4): 239-254, April 2024.
de Caroff SN, Ungvari GS, Gazdag G: Treatment of schizophrenia with catatonic symptoms: a narrative review. Schizophr Res 263(1): 265-274, January 2024.
e2 Caroff SN, Campbell EC: Drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes; implications for contemporary practice. Psychiatr Clin N Am 39: 391-411, September 2016.
153 Trosch RM, Comella CL, Caroff SN, Ondo WG, Shillington AC, LaChapelle BJ, Hauser RA, Correll CU, Friedman JH: The Clinician's Tardive Inventory (CTI): A New Clinical Tool for Documenting and Rating Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 85(1): 23m14886, January 2024.
159 Campbell EC, Caroff SN, Mann SC, Weinrieb RM, Berkowitz RM, Olson KN: Severe Drug Reactions. Clinical Manual of Psychopharmacology in the Medically Ill, 3rd Edition. Levenson JL, Ferrando SJ (eds.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Page: 51-118, December 2023.
c8 Ungvari GS, Caroff SN, Csihi L, Gazdag G. : Catatonia: “Fluctuat nec mergitur”. World J Psychiatry 13: 131-137, May 2023.
142 Caroff SN, Roberts CB, Rosenberg H, Tobin JR, Watt S, Mashman D, Riazi S, Berkowitz RM.: Intravenous dantrolene in hypermetabolic syndromes: a survey of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration database. BMC Anesthesiology 22(1): 298, September 2022.
d9 Caroff SN, Berkowitz RM: A magic bullet for the mind: Sigmund Freud and the quest for chemical transcendence. The Pharos 85: 42-47, Summer 2022.
10c Huang MW, Gibson RC, Jayaram MB, Caroff SN: Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(7), Art. No.: CD013100, July 2022.
102 Kannarkat GT, Caroff SN, Morley JF: Risk of Drug-induced Movement Disorders with Newer Antipsychotic Agents. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 12 (19): doi: 10.5334/tohm.695, June 2022.
ca Caroff SN: En garde! An Historical Note on the Nosology of Catalepsy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 34(1): 93-94, Winter 2022.
e9 Coffey RJ, Caroff SN: Commentary on the Continued Investigational Status of DBS for Psychiatric Indications. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1: 1-12, February 2022.
da Caroff, SN: The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy. Psychiatric News. American Psychiatric Association, 56(4): 11, April 2021.
104 Caroff SN, Gutman AR, Northrop J, Leong SH, Berkowitz RM, Campbell EC: Effect of varenicline on tardive dyskinesia: a pilot study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci prepub online, July 2020.
e1 Caroff SN, Jain R, Morley JF: Revisiting amantadine as a treatment for drug-induced movement disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 32(3): 198-208, August 2020.
76 Stanley N. Caroff, MD, Shirley H. Leong, PhD, Christopher B. Roberts, MPH, e7 Rosalind M. Berkowitz, MD, and E. Cabrina Campbell, MD: Correlates of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale in Veterans With Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 40: 373-380, July/August 2020.
dd Stanley N. Caroff , Fan Mu, Rajeev Ayyagari, Traci Schilling, Victor Abler and Benjamin Carroll: Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reduction in mood 77 disorders: implications for treatment of tardive dyskinesia. BMC Psychiatry 20: 365, July 2020.
2c 27 Caroff SN, Citrome L, Meyer J, et al. 6d : A modified DELPHI consensus study of the screening, diagnosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. 2 2 2 2 2 40 J Clin Psychiatry 81(2), January 2020.
73 Caroff SN: Risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Vesicular 22 Monoamine Transporter Inhibitors 58 Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience 18: 322-326, 2020.
a5 Caroff SN, Leong SH, Roberts CB, Berkowitz RM, Campbell EC.: Cumulative Burden of Illness in Veterans With Tardive 6c Dyskinesia and Serious Mental Disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol Epub, December 2019.
c6 Caroff SN: Overcoming barriers to effective management of tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019 Notes: in press.
d9 Caroff SN, Berkowitz RM: The cure of folly: a reinterpretation based on the life and times of Hieronymus Bosch. The Pharos 2019 Notes: in press.
100 Caroff SN, Aggarwal S, Yonan C. : Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia with Tetrabenazine or Valbenazine: A Systematic Review Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research in press, 2017.
14c Watson C, Caroff SN, Rosenberg H: Drug-Induced MH-like Syndromes in the Perioperative Period. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) Newsletter 36(1): 41-44, February 2021 Notes: https://www.apsf.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletters/2021/3601/APSF3601.pdf.
c1 Caroff SN: Drug-induced hyperthermic syndromes in psychiatry. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 19(1): 1-11, February 2021.
158 Hauser, R. A., Meyer, J. M., Factor, S. A., Comella, C. L., Tanner, C. M., Xavier, R. M., Caroff, S. N., Lundt, L. : Differentiating Tardive Dyskinesia: A Video-Based Review of Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice. CNS Spectr Epub 11/21/20, 2020.
c4 Caroff SN: Recent Advances in the Pharmacology of Tardive Dyskinesia. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 18(4): 493-506, 2020.
11b Caroff SN, Yeomans K, Lenderking WR, et al.: RE-KINECT: A Prospective Study of the Presence and Healthcare Burden of Tardive Dyskinesia in Clinical Practice Settings. J Clin Psychopharmacol 40: 259-268, 2020.
8f Caroff SN, Rosenberg H: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Orphanet 2019.
b7 Caroff SN: Phenomenology and management of encephalitis. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2019 Notes: in press.
c0 Caroff SN, Ungvari GS, Cunningham Owens DG: Historical perspectives on tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Sci Epub, Feb 2018.
11b Caroff SN, Leong SH, Ng-Mak D, Campbell EC, Berkowitz RM, Rajagopalan K, Chuang CC, Loebel A.: Socioeconomic disparities and metabolic risk in veterans with serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J 2017.
115 Gurrera RJ, Mortillaro G, Velamoor V, Caroff SN: A validation study of the international consensus diagnostic criteria for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 37: 67-71, February 2017.
fd Factor SA, Burkhard PR, Caroff SN et al. : Recent developments in drug-induced movement disorders: a mixed picture. Lancet Neurology 18(9): 880-890, September 2019 Notes: in press.
104 Caroff SN, Mu F, Ayyagari R, et al. : Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reductions: implications for tardive dyskinesia. BMC Psychiatry 18(1): 306, September 2018.
144 Kane JM, Correll CU, Nierenberg AA, Caroff SN, Sajatovic M, the Tardive Dyskinesia Assessment Working Group: Revisiting the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale: Proceedings from the Tardive Dyskinesia Workshop. J Clin Psychiatry Epub, in press, 2018.
ec Caroff SN, Campbell EC, Carroll B: Psychopharmacological treatment of tardive dyskinesia; recent developments. Exp Rev Neurotherapeutics 17(9): 871-881, Sept 2017.
17e Caroff SN, Leong SH, Ng-Mak D, Rajagopalan K, Campbell EC, Berkowitz RM, Chuang CC, Loebel A. : Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of metabolic syndrome among veterans with serious mental illness. American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, AZ, May31-June 3, 2016 May 2016.
14e Mahncke HW, Kim SJ, Rose A, Stasio, C, Buckley P, Caroff S, et al. : Evaluation of a plasticity-based cognitive training program in schizophrenia: Results from the eCaesar trial. Schizophrenia Research 2019 Notes: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.006.
f0 Caroff SN, Hurford I, Bleier HR, Gorton GE, Campbell EC: Recurrent idiopathic catatonia: implications beyond DSM 5. Clinical Psychopharmacol Neurosci in press,, 2015.
128 Caroff, S.C., Mann, S.C, Campbell, E.C., Sullivan, K.A: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment Second Edition. Frucht, S.J. (eds.). Springer, New York, NY, Page: 43-57, 2013.
fe Campbell EC, Caroff SN, Mann SC: : Co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders (revised). UpToDate Saxon AH, Hermann R, Marder S (eds.). Wolters Kluwer Health, 2016.
cb Caroff SN, Mann SC, Campbell EC : NMDAR-encephalitis and risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Pediatric Neurology 66: e3, 2017.
c2 Caroff SN: Parkinsonism-hyperthermia syndrome and deep brain stimulation. Can J Anesth February 2017 Notes: e-pub online.
2c
7
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1f
Selected Publications
af Caroff SN: A new era in the diagnosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. CNS Spectrums October 2022.d2 Ungvari GS, Caroff SN, Csihi L, Gazdag G: Literary case study of psychosis: The Vegetarian. World J Psychiatry 15(6): 104247, June 2025.
12b Trosch RM, Shillington AC, Comella CL, Caroff SN, Ondo WG, LaChappelle BJ, Harshaw Q, Hauser RA, Correll CU, Friedman JH.: A Validation Study of The Clinician’s Tardive Inventory (CTI). Parkinsonism Relat Disord March 2025.
58 Karen Frei, Alicia Scott, Stanley N. Caroff 4e Leslie Citrome , Robert Hauser , Joseph H. Friedman , Roongroj Bhidayasiri , 4c Martha Sajatovic, Dennis Alters, Jonathan Meyer, Stuart Factor , E.K. Tan, 49 G. Remington, Ira Glick, Hubert Fernandez, Cynthia Comella, John Kane , 42 Joseph McEvoy, Delwyn Miller, Clement C. Zai , J.P. Lindenmayer a1 Daniel D. Truong: Tardive dyskinesia versus tardive syndrome. What is in a name? Parkinsonism and Related Disorders February 2025.
78 Coffey RJ, Caroff SN: Neurosurgery for mental conditions and pain: An 34 historical perspective on the limits of biological 60 determinism. Surgical Neurology International 15(479): 1, December 2024.
101 Rissardo JP, Kherajani K, Vora NM, Yatakarla V, Caprara ALF, Ratliff J, Caroff SN: A Systematic Review of Oral Vertical Dyskinesia ("Rabbit" Syndrome). Medicina 60(8): 1347, Aug 2024.
7d Appiani FJ, Caroff SN: The cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric c treatment. 5d Curr Med Res Opin. 2024 Jun 20:1-8 online ahead of print, June 2024.
106 Csihi L, Gazdag G, Caroff SN, Ungvari GS.: First 150 years of catatonia: Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead. World J Psychiatry 14(5): 600-606, May 2024.
f4 Vanegas-Arroyave N, Caroff SN, Citrome L, et al. : Evidence-Based Update on Anticholinergic Use for Drug-Induced Movement Disorders. CNS Drugs 38(4): 239-254, April 2024.
de Caroff SN, Ungvari GS, Gazdag G: Treatment of schizophrenia with catatonic symptoms: a narrative review. Schizophr Res 263(1): 265-274, January 2024.
e2 Caroff SN, Campbell EC: Drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes; implications for contemporary practice. Psychiatr Clin N Am 39: 391-411, September 2016.
153 Trosch RM, Comella CL, Caroff SN, Ondo WG, Shillington AC, LaChapelle BJ, Hauser RA, Correll CU, Friedman JH: The Clinician's Tardive Inventory (CTI): A New Clinical Tool for Documenting and Rating Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 85(1): 23m14886, January 2024.
159 Campbell EC, Caroff SN, Mann SC, Weinrieb RM, Berkowitz RM, Olson KN: Severe Drug Reactions. Clinical Manual of Psychopharmacology in the Medically Ill, 3rd Edition. Levenson JL, Ferrando SJ (eds.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Page: 51-118, December 2023.
c8 Ungvari GS, Caroff SN, Csihi L, Gazdag G. : Catatonia: “Fluctuat nec mergitur”. World J Psychiatry 13: 131-137, May 2023.
142 Caroff SN, Roberts CB, Rosenberg H, Tobin JR, Watt S, Mashman D, Riazi S, Berkowitz RM.: Intravenous dantrolene in hypermetabolic syndromes: a survey of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration database. BMC Anesthesiology 22(1): 298, September 2022.
d9 Caroff SN, Berkowitz RM: A magic bullet for the mind: Sigmund Freud and the quest for chemical transcendence. The Pharos 85: 42-47, Summer 2022.
10c Huang MW, Gibson RC, Jayaram MB, Caroff SN: Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(7), Art. No.: CD013100, July 2022.
102 Kannarkat GT, Caroff SN, Morley JF: Risk of Drug-induced Movement Disorders with Newer Antipsychotic Agents. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 12 (19): doi: 10.5334/tohm.695, June 2022.
ca Caroff SN: En garde! An Historical Note on the Nosology of Catalepsy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 34(1): 93-94, Winter 2022.
e9 Coffey RJ, Caroff SN: Commentary on the Continued Investigational Status of DBS for Psychiatric Indications. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1: 1-12, February 2022.
da Caroff, SN: The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy. Psychiatric News. American Psychiatric Association, 56(4): 11, April 2021.
104 Caroff SN, Gutman AR, Northrop J, Leong SH, Berkowitz RM, Campbell EC: Effect of varenicline on tardive dyskinesia: a pilot study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci prepub online, July 2020.
e1 Caroff SN, Jain R, Morley JF: Revisiting amantadine as a treatment for drug-induced movement disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 32(3): 198-208, August 2020.
76 Stanley N. Caroff, MD, Shirley H. Leong, PhD, Christopher B. Roberts, MPH, e7 Rosalind M. Berkowitz, MD, and E. Cabrina Campbell, MD: Correlates of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale in Veterans With Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 40: 373-380, July/August 2020.
dd Stanley N. Caroff , Fan Mu, Rajeev Ayyagari, Traci Schilling, Victor Abler and Benjamin Carroll: Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reduction in mood 77 disorders: implications for treatment of tardive dyskinesia. BMC Psychiatry 20: 365, July 2020.
2c 27 Caroff SN, Citrome L, Meyer J, et al. 6d : A modified DELPHI consensus study of the screening, diagnosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. 2 2 2 2 2 40 J Clin Psychiatry 81(2), January 2020.
73 Caroff SN: Risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Vesicular 22 Monoamine Transporter Inhibitors 58 Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience 18: 322-326, 2020.
a5 Caroff SN, Leong SH, Roberts CB, Berkowitz RM, Campbell EC.: Cumulative Burden of Illness in Veterans With Tardive 6c Dyskinesia and Serious Mental Disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol Epub, December 2019.
c6 Caroff SN: Overcoming barriers to effective management of tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019 Notes: in press.
d9 Caroff SN, Berkowitz RM: The cure of folly: a reinterpretation based on the life and times of Hieronymus Bosch. The Pharos 2019 Notes: in press.
100 Caroff SN, Aggarwal S, Yonan C. : Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia with Tetrabenazine or Valbenazine: A Systematic Review Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research in press, 2017.
14c Watson C, Caroff SN, Rosenberg H: Drug-Induced MH-like Syndromes in the Perioperative Period. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) Newsletter 36(1): 41-44, February 2021 Notes: https://www.apsf.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletters/2021/3601/APSF3601.pdf.
c1 Caroff SN: Drug-induced hyperthermic syndromes in psychiatry. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 19(1): 1-11, February 2021.
158 Hauser, R. A., Meyer, J. M., Factor, S. A., Comella, C. L., Tanner, C. M., Xavier, R. M., Caroff, S. N., Lundt, L. : Differentiating Tardive Dyskinesia: A Video-Based Review of Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice. CNS Spectr Epub 11/21/20, 2020.
c4 Caroff SN: Recent Advances in the Pharmacology of Tardive Dyskinesia. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 18(4): 493-506, 2020.
11b Caroff SN, Yeomans K, Lenderking WR, et al.: RE-KINECT: A Prospective Study of the Presence and Healthcare Burden of Tardive Dyskinesia in Clinical Practice Settings. J Clin Psychopharmacol 40: 259-268, 2020.
8f Caroff SN, Rosenberg H: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Orphanet 2019.
b7 Caroff SN: Phenomenology and management of encephalitis. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2019 Notes: in press.
c0 Caroff SN, Ungvari GS, Cunningham Owens DG: Historical perspectives on tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Sci Epub, Feb 2018.
11b Caroff SN, Leong SH, Ng-Mak D, Campbell EC, Berkowitz RM, Rajagopalan K, Chuang CC, Loebel A.: Socioeconomic disparities and metabolic risk in veterans with serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J 2017.
115 Gurrera RJ, Mortillaro G, Velamoor V, Caroff SN: A validation study of the international consensus diagnostic criteria for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 37: 67-71, February 2017.
fd Factor SA, Burkhard PR, Caroff SN et al. : Recent developments in drug-induced movement disorders: a mixed picture. Lancet Neurology 18(9): 880-890, September 2019 Notes: in press.
104 Caroff SN, Mu F, Ayyagari R, et al. : Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reductions: implications for tardive dyskinesia. BMC Psychiatry 18(1): 306, September 2018.
144 Kane JM, Correll CU, Nierenberg AA, Caroff SN, Sajatovic M, the Tardive Dyskinesia Assessment Working Group: Revisiting the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale: Proceedings from the Tardive Dyskinesia Workshop. J Clin Psychiatry Epub, in press, 2018.
ec Caroff SN, Campbell EC, Carroll B: Psychopharmacological treatment of tardive dyskinesia; recent developments. Exp Rev Neurotherapeutics 17(9): 871-881, Sept 2017.
17e Caroff SN, Leong SH, Ng-Mak D, Rajagopalan K, Campbell EC, Berkowitz RM, Chuang CC, Loebel A. : Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of metabolic syndrome among veterans with serious mental illness. American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, AZ, May31-June 3, 2016 May 2016.
14e Mahncke HW, Kim SJ, Rose A, Stasio, C, Buckley P, Caroff S, et al. : Evaluation of a plasticity-based cognitive training program in schizophrenia: Results from the eCaesar trial. Schizophrenia Research 2019 Notes: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.006.
f0 Caroff SN, Hurford I, Bleier HR, Gorton GE, Campbell EC: Recurrent idiopathic catatonia: implications beyond DSM 5. Clinical Psychopharmacol Neurosci in press,, 2015.
128 Caroff, S.C., Mann, S.C, Campbell, E.C., Sullivan, K.A: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment Second Edition. Frucht, S.J. (eds.). Springer, New York, NY, Page: 43-57, 2013.
fe Campbell EC, Caroff SN, Mann SC: : Co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders (revised). UpToDate Saxon AH, Hermann R, Marder S (eds.). Wolters Kluwer Health, 2016.
cb Caroff SN, Mann SC, Campbell EC : NMDAR-encephalitis and risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Pediatric Neurology 66: e3, 2017.
c2 Caroff SN: Parkinsonism-hyperthermia syndrome and deep brain stimulation. Can J Anesth February 2017 Notes: e-pub online.
2c