Selected Publications

Caroff SN, Roberts CB, Rosenberg H, Tobin JR, Watt S, Mashman D, Riazi S, Berkowitz RM.: Intravenous dantrolene in hypermetabolic syndromes: a survey of the U.S. Veterans Health Administration database. BMC Anesthesiology 22(1): 298, September 2022.

Trosch RM, Shillington AC, Comella CL, Caroff SN, Ondo WG, LaChappelle BJ, Harshaw Q, Hauser RA, Correll CU, Friedman JH.: A Validation Study of The Clinician’s Tardive Inventory (CTI). Parkinsonism Relat Disord March 2025.

Karen Frei, Alicia Scott, Stanley N. Caroff Leslie Citrome , Robert Hauser , Joseph H. Friedman , Roongroj Bhidayasiri , Martha Sajatovic, Dennis Alters, Jonathan Meyer, Stuart Factor , E.K. Tan, G. Remington, Ira Glick, Hubert Fernandez, Cynthia Comella, John Kane , Joseph McEvoy, Delwyn Miller, Clement C. Zai , J.P. Lindenmayer Daniel D. Truong: Tardive dyskinesia versus tardive syndrome. What is in a name? Parkinsonism and Related Disorders February 2025.

Coffey RJ, Caroff SN: Neurosurgery for mental conditions and pain: An historical perspective on the limits of biological determinism. Surgical Neurology International 15(479): 1, December 2024.

Rissardo JP, Kherajani K, Vora NM, Yatakarla V, Caprara ALF, Ratliff J, Caroff SN: A Systematic Review of Oral Vertical Dyskinesia ("Rabbit" Syndrome). Medicina 60(8): 1347, Aug 2024.

Appiani FJ, Caroff SN: The cyclical revival of psychedelics in psychiatric treatment. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024 Jun 20:1-8 online ahead of print, June 2024.

Csihi L, Gazdag G, Caroff SN, Ungvari GS.: First 150 years of catatonia: Looking back at its complicated history and forward to the road ahead. World J Psychiatry 14(5): 600-606, May 2024.

Vanegas-Arroyave N, Caroff SN, Citrome L, et al. : Evidence-Based Update on Anticholinergic Use for Drug-Induced Movement Disorders. CNS Drugs 38(4): 239-254, April 2024.

Caroff SN, Ungvari GS, Gazdag G: Treatment of schizophrenia with catatonic symptoms: a narrative review. Schizophr Res 263(1): 265-274, January 2024.

Caroff SN: A new era in the diagnosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. CNS Spectrums October 2022.

Caroff SN, Campbell EC: Drug-induced extrapyramidal syndromes; implications for contemporary practice. Psychiatr Clin N Am 39: 391-411, September 2016.

Trosch RM, Comella CL, Caroff SN, Ondo WG, Shillington AC, LaChapelle BJ, Hauser RA, Correll CU, Friedman JH: The Clinician's Tardive Inventory (CTI): A New Clinical Tool for Documenting and Rating Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 85(1): 23m14886, January 2024.

Campbell EC, Caroff SN, Mann SC, Weinrieb RM, Berkowitz RM, Olson KN: Severe Drug Reactions. Clinical Manual of Psychopharmacology in the Medically Ill, 3rd Edition. Levenson JL, Ferrando SJ (eds.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Page: 51-118, December 2023.

Ungvari GS, Caroff SN, Csihi L, Gazdag G. : Catatonia: “Fluctuat nec mergitur”. World J Psychiatry 13: 131-137, May 2023.

Caroff SN, Berkowitz RM: A magic bullet for the mind: Sigmund Freud and the quest for chemical transcendence. The Pharos 85: 42-47, Summer 2022.

Huang MW, Gibson RC, Jayaram MB, Caroff SN: Antipsychotics for schizophrenia spectrum disorders with catatonic symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(7), Art. No.: CD013100, July 2022.

Kannarkat GT, Caroff SN, Morley JF: Risk of Drug-induced Movement Disorders with Newer Antipsychotic Agents. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 12 (19): doi: 10.5334/tohm.695, June 2022.

Caroff SN: En garde! An Historical Note on the Nosology of Catalepsy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 34(1): 93-94, Winter 2022.

Coffey RJ, Caroff SN: Commentary on the Continued Investigational Status of DBS for Psychiatric Indications. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1: 1-12, February 2022.

Caroff, SN: The Return of Psychedelics: Still Time to Prevent Tragedy. Psychiatric News. American Psychiatric Association, 56(4): 11, April 2021.

Caroff SN, Gutman AR, Northrop J, Leong SH, Berkowitz RM, Campbell EC: Effect of varenicline on tardive dyskinesia: a pilot study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci prepub online, July 2020.

Caroff SN, Jain R, Morley JF: Revisiting amantadine as a treatment for drug-induced movement disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 32(3): 198-208, August 2020.

Stanley N. Caroff, MD, Shirley H. Leong, PhD, Christopher B. Roberts, MPH, Rosalind M. Berkowitz, MD, and E. Cabrina Campbell, MD: Correlates of the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale in Veterans With Tardive Dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 40: 373-380, July/August 2020.

Stanley N. Caroff , Fan Mu, Rajeev Ayyagari, Traci Schilling, Victor Abler and Benjamin Carroll: Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reduction in mood disorders: implications for treatment of tardive dyskinesia. BMC Psychiatry 20: 365, July 2020.

Caroff SN, Citrome L, Meyer J, et al. : A modified DELPHI consensus study of the screening, diagnosis and treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 81(2), January 2020.

Caroff SN: Risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Inhibitors Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience 18: 322-326, 2020.

Caroff SN, Leong SH, Roberts CB, Berkowitz RM, Campbell EC.: Cumulative Burden of Illness in Veterans With Tardive Dyskinesia and Serious Mental Disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol Epub, December 2019.

Caroff SN: Overcoming barriers to effective management of tardive dyskinesia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019 Notes: in press.

Caroff SN, Berkowitz RM: The cure of folly: a reinterpretation based on the life and times of Hieronymus Bosch. The Pharos 2019 Notes: in press.

Caroff SN, Aggarwal S, Yonan C. : Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia with Tetrabenazine or Valbenazine: A Systematic Review Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research in press, 2017.

Watson C, Caroff SN, Rosenberg H: Drug-Induced MH-like Syndromes in the Perioperative Period. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (APSF) Newsletter 36(1): 41-44, February 2021 Notes: https://www.apsf.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletters/2021/3601/APSF3601.pdf.

Caroff SN: Drug-induced hyperthermic syndromes in psychiatry. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 19(1): 1-11, February 2021.

Hauser, R. A., Meyer, J. M., Factor, S. A., Comella, C. L., Tanner, C. M., Xavier, R. M., Caroff, S. N., Lundt, L. : Differentiating Tardive Dyskinesia: A Video-Based Review of Antipsychotic-Induced Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice. CNS Spectr Epub 11/21/20, 2020.

Caroff SN: Recent Advances in the Pharmacology of Tardive Dyskinesia. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 18(4): 493-506, 2020.

Caroff SN, Yeomans K, Lenderking WR, et al.: RE-KINECT: A Prospective Study of the Presence and Healthcare Burden of Tardive Dyskinesia in Clinical Practice Settings. J Clin Psychopharmacol 40: 259-268, 2020.

Caroff SN, Rosenberg H: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Orphanet 2019.

Caroff SN: Phenomenology and management of encephalitis. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 2019 Notes: in press.

Caroff SN, Ungvari GS, Cunningham Owens DG: Historical perspectives on tardive dyskinesia. J Neurol Sci Epub, Feb 2018.

Caroff SN, Leong SH, Ng-Mak D, Campbell EC, Berkowitz RM, Rajagopalan K, Chuang CC, Loebel A.: Socioeconomic disparities and metabolic risk in veterans with serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J 2017.

Gurrera RJ, Mortillaro G, Velamoor V, Caroff SN: A validation study of the international consensus diagnostic criteria for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychopharmacol 37: 67-71, February 2017.

Factor SA, Burkhard PR, Caroff SN et al. : Recent developments in drug-induced movement disorders: a mixed picture. Lancet Neurology 18(9): 880-890, September 2019 Notes: in press.

Caroff SN, Mu F, Ayyagari R, et al. : Hospital utilization rates following antipsychotic dose reductions: implications for tardive dyskinesia. BMC Psychiatry 18(1): 306, September 2018.

Kane JM, Correll CU, Nierenberg AA, Caroff SN, Sajatovic M, the Tardive Dyskinesia Assessment Working Group: Revisiting the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale: Proceedings from the Tardive Dyskinesia Workshop. J Clin Psychiatry Epub, in press, 2018.

Caroff SN, Campbell EC, Carroll B: Psychopharmacological treatment of tardive dyskinesia; recent developments. Exp Rev Neurotherapeutics 17(9): 871-881, Sept 2017.

Caroff SN, Leong SH, Ng-Mak D, Rajagopalan K, Campbell EC, Berkowitz RM, Chuang CC, Loebel A. : Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of metabolic syndrome among veterans with serious mental illness. American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology Annual Meeting, Scottsdale, AZ, May31-June 3, 2016 May 2016.

Mahncke HW, Kim SJ, Rose A, Stasio, C, Buckley P, Caroff S, et al. : Evaluation of a plasticity-based cognitive training program in schizophrenia: Results from the eCaesar trial. Schizophrenia Research 2019 Notes: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.006.

Caroff SN, Hurford I, Bleier HR, Gorton GE, Campbell EC: Recurrent idiopathic catatonia: implications beyond DSM 5. Clinical Psychopharmacol Neurosci in press,, 2015.

Caroff, S.C., Mann, S.C, Campbell, E.C., Sullivan, K.A: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Movement Disorder Emergencies: Diagnosis and Treatment Second Edition. Frucht, S.J. (eds.). Springer, New York, NY, Page: 43-57, 2013.

Campbell EC, Caroff SN, Mann SC: : Co-occurring schizophrenia and substance use disorders (revised). UpToDate Saxon AH, Hermann R, Marder S (eds.). Wolters Kluwer Health, 2016.

Caroff SN, Mann SC, Campbell EC : NMDAR-encephalitis and risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Pediatric Neurology 66: e3, 2017.

Caroff SN: Parkinsonism-hyperthermia syndrome and deep brain stimulation. Can J Anesth February 2017 Notes: e-pub online.